Which elements are considered when applying the principle of utility?

• A. Probability of risks
• B. Severity of harms
• C. Value of benefit
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

When you apply the principle of utility, you weigh the likely outcomes of each option by how good or bad they are for those affected and how likely those outcomes are. This means you consider both how serious the harms could be (severity), how likely those harms are (probability or risk), and how valuable the benefits would be (value of the benefit). By estimating the expected utility—often think of it as magnitude times probability—you compare options to maximize overall well‑being. Because all three elements influence the net balance of good and bad, all of these factors are relevant, making the best answer the one that includes probability of risks, severity of harms, and value of benefits.