According to the WMA code of ethics, which is a duty of physicians to colleagues?

• A. Independent judgement
• B. Maintain highest standards of conduct
• C. Report unethical or incompetent colleagues
• D. Communicate effectively

Answer: (D)

Effective communication among physicians is a fundamental duty to colleagues because it directly supports patient safety and the quality of care through teamwork. The WMA code emphasizes collegiality and open, honest dialogue as the means by which doctors coordinate, share essential patient information, seek and offer second opinions, and ensure continuity of care. When colleagues communicate clearly and promptly about diagnoses, treatment plans, and uncertainties, errors are reduced, responsibilities are clarified, and patients receive more reliable care.

While independent judgment, maintaining high personal standards, and addressing unethical behavior are important aspects of professional ethics, they are not as specifically oriented to how physicians relate to and support each other in daily practice. Communicating effectively with colleagues is the mechanism through which professional collaboration and patient welfare are most directly upheld.